Chapter-4 Eight Sufferings of life

Suffering is the state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship. It refers to the fundamental unsatisfactoriness and painfulness of life. Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, may be an experience of unpleasantness and aversion associated with the perception of harm or threat or distress faced in one's individual life. Suffering is the basic element that makes up the negative valence of affective phenomena.

According to Buddhist sutras, suffering is divided into three main categories.

The first category is suffering of painful experiences. This includes the physical and mental sufferings of birth, aging, illness, dying- distress from what is not desirable.

The second category is suffering of pleasant or happy experiences changing to unpleasant when the causes and conditions that produced the...